评许霆案最新动态：盗窃罪！？
李飞
十一届全国人大一次会议2008年3月10日上午在人民大会堂举行第三次全体会议，听取和审议最高人民法院工作报告和最高人民检察院工作报告。代表们针对“两高”报告的的分组讨论会中，“许霆案”再度引起关注。
一、许霆案最新动态：最高法院负责人就许霆案定罪量刑首次表态
全国人大代表、最高人民法院副院长姜兴长在10日对记者表示：许霆案一审法院认为属恶意取款，非法占有，“我个人认为定盗窃罪没问题，但法院判刑太重了。”对于广州中院的判决，姜兴长表示，他比较赞成《刑法》第63条第2款规定[①]，即在法定刑以下判处刑罚的案件，必须经最高人民法院的核准。这意味着广州中院的判决、裁定只有经过了最高人民法院的核准后才能发生法律效力并交付执行。姜兴长透露，判决结果最早将于本月底知晓。这是最高法院负责人首次就许霆案定罪量刑表态。[②]
我不知道姜兴长副院长的这番静态是代表法院对外的新闻口径而作出，还是纯粹以全国人大代表的身份所发表的个人意见，但我知道在中国的现实情况下，最高法院负责人的公开表态将对判决结果意味着什么。何况作为最高法院的主要领导人--具备相当法律和政治素养--敢在敏感而重要的两会期间，在公开场合对个案发表意见，我想其“个人意见”的份量恐怕不亚于一纸公文了。
从姜兴长副院长的公开表态我们至少可以解读这些重要信息：1、定罪：许霆案“定盗窃罪没问题”；2、量刑：原判量刑太重，应按《刑法》第63条第2款的规定，报最高法院核准后，在法定刑下量刑；3、判决结果最早将于本月底知晓：表明结果已定，只待“两会”结束，即可宣判。
二、有罪？无罪？
罪与非罪是许霆案争议的焦点问题之一，从本案一审判决、发回重审的理由及这次表态，可见法院方面是持有罪态度，笔者对此表示赞同，主要基于如下两点考虑：
1、在主观上有恶性
行为人的罪过（包括故意和过失）是一切犯罪构成都必须具备的主观方面要件。本案中，许霆明知银行ATM机存在技术故障，取得额外款项将侵害银行的所有权，但仍实施取款行为，其主观上是故意。并且以非法占有为目的，先后实施“取款”171次，取得款项后进行挥霍，并在案发后逃匿一年多，也表明其主观恶性较大。因此，一审法院认为属恶意取款，非法占有。应该说法院在本案的主观方面要件的认定没有错误。但这只表明主观要件成立。
2、在客观上有危害
犯罪客观要件，是成立犯罪所必须具备的客观事实特征。其见容包括危害行为，危害结果，危害行为与危害结果之间的因果关系，行为的时间、地点与方法等。其中危害行为是犯罪客观要件的核心要素，是一切犯罪成立所必须具备的。从本案看，许霆的行为是将不属于自己的财物据为已有的行为，侵害了银行的所有权。具有社会危害性，因此，认定许霆的行为是危害行为也没有错误。
本案中，许霆在主观上有恶性，其行为在客观上有危害，这只是解决了许霆的行为是危害行为而具有可罚性的问题，即“有罪”的问题；但在罪刑法定的原则下，这种危害行为必须是刑法规定的危害行为，否则也不构成犯罪，因此，重要的是要解决“有何罪”的问题。
三、有何罪--盗窃罪？侵占罪？
1、本案不构成盗窃罪
如果认为本案应认定为盗窃罪，则前提是许霆的行为应属于刑法第264条所规定的危害行为，即盗窃行为。何为“盗窃行为”？对此没有明文的法定解释，学理上解释为“秘密窃取”，学者们对“秘密窃取”的含义却是众说纷纭，莫衷一是，笔者在此不想纠缠其中。因为理由其实很简单：许霆是在接受“错给”，而不是实施“偷盗”。
（1）一个新判例
从一般语义上说，按普通人的一般理解，通俗地说：盗窃行为就是偷。不管作何解释，“秘密、暗中”都题中应有之义，这表明偷只能在行为时违背财物人的意志或财物人无意志（未发觉）的情况下进行。行为时，如果未违背财物人的意志，是财物人主动自愿将财物给行为人的，那么这是“给”，而不是“偷”，最近的一个判例可以说明这一点：
银行工作人员误将53张千元面值的港币，当作百元面值支付给客户张女士。在事后沟通中，因银行个别工作人员出言不逊，张女士感觉不快拒绝退还多领到的47700元港币。银行诉至法院，2008年3月3日，上海闸北区人民法院作出一审判决，认定造成张女士多领现金的责任在银行，张女士只需返还多得的47700元港币，而无须支付利息。[③]
（2）接受“错给”不等于“偷”
该案与许霆案在行为上的相似处在于：客户的行为都是按办理业务时正常方式进行的，取得额外款项，都是银行方面的失误造成的，而非客户的原因导致。差别在于张女士面对的是银行营业员的失误，而许霆面对的是ATM机的技术故障，笔者认为这一差别，并不能导致两者行为性质的不同，两者都是基于银行的“错给”而取得款项，而不是在“偷”银行钱财。理由有二：
1、ATM机是银行采取的一种快捷低成本的交易工具，是银行柜台服务的延伸。储户到ATM机办理业务与到柜台办理，其性质和后果没有法律上的区别。如果认为ATM机不能象营业员一样代表银行，将得出一个可怕的结论：ATM机在行为时不能代表银行的意志如果成立，那么ATM机的动作都不是银行意志的体现，ATM机所发生的一切业务（无论是有无故障发生）都不是银行的意思表示，在民事上都应作为不当得利返还，这显然是荒谬的。
2、ATM机是机器，其本身不具有意志，它只是银行用以传达和表达其意志的工具，银行是通过ATM机表达其愿意交易的意思表示。银行设定程序时，将其意志以序列化的指令形式固定在了ATM机里，在交易时，只要用户按设定步骤正常操作就符合银行的意志，否则如果用户破坏设备和篡改程序则违背银行的意志。因此，即使ATM机发生技术故障，但只要不是客户原因造成的，那么相对客户来说ATM机代表的仍是银行的交易意志，因为ATM机是按银行的程序指令行事，虽然是错误的，但仍是银行在交易当时的意志体现。ATM机的动作与柜台营业员的行为一样都代表银行在“主动地”多给付客户钱，而不是客户在偷盗银行的钱。非法占有其财物的行为在当时不违反财物人的意志，拿取财物人“公然自愿奉上”的财物，显然不是秘密的偷盗行为。
2、本案符合侵占罪
国家税务总局关于外商投资企业及其雇员投存、支用住房公积金有关税务处理问题的通知(附英文)
国家税务总局
国家税务总局关于外商投资企业及其雇员投存、支用住房公积金有关税务处理问题的通知(附英文)
国家税务总局
各省、自治区、直辖市税务局，各计划单列市税务局，海洋石油税务管理局各分局：
根据国务院的统一部署，各地相继出台住房制度改革的实施办法。现对外商投资企业（以下简称企业）及其中方雇员（以下简称个人）提存、领取和支用各类住房补贴或住房公积金的税务处理问题明确如下：
一、对企业和个人按照国家或地方政府住房制度的有关规定提存各类住房补贴或住房公积金（包括自愿住房公积金）的税务处理。 （一）在未实行住房制度改革的地区，企业按照财政部门、劳动部门的原有规定提取的住房补贴，可作为计算企业当期应纳税所得额的扣除项目在当期成
本费用中列支。
（二）在已实行住房制度改革的地区，企业按照国家或地方政府规定的比例提存各类住房公积金时，凡企业在计征企业所得税前已按有关规定提存各类职工福利基金的，企业每年提存的该项职工福利基金支付除职工住房支出以外的其他规定用途支出后的帐面余额应转为住房公积金；帐
面无余额或帐面余额不足以结转当年应提存的住房公积金的，不足部分方可在计征所得税前作为当期成本、费用列支。
（三）企业和个人按照国家或地方政府规定的比例提取并向指定机构实际缴付的住房公积金，在计征个人所得税时可不计入个人当期工资、薪金收入。
二、企业和个人支用本通知第一条所指的住房补贴或住房公积金的税务处理
（一）企业实际支付给个人的住房购建费用、修房费用和租房费用等住房支出，应在已提存的该个人住房补贴或住房公积金中列支。 （二）个人领取已提存的住房公积金（包括企业提存部分和个人提存部分），应按实际领取数计入个人当期工资、薪金收入计算缴纳个人所得税。但个
人实际支付的各项住房支出（包括购建房支出和租房支出等），符合国家和地方政府规定的用途，并能提供有效合法的支付凭证，经主管税务机关审核，可从实际领取数中扣除，超过实际领取数的部分，不得从当期工资薪金收入中扣除。
三、企业和个人超出国家或地方政府规定的比例提存与支用各类住房补贴或住房公积金的税务处理
（一）企业超出国家或地方政府规定的比例自行提存的各类住房补贴或住房（补充）公积金，不得在企业当期成本、费用中列支。
（二）企业实际支付给个人的住房购建费用、修房费用和租房费用等住房支出，不足以在按国家或地方政府规定提存的该个人住房补贴或住房公积金中列支的部分，凡企业董事会决议由企业支付的，可依有效合法的支付凭证列入企业当期成本、费用。但同时应计入个人当期工资、薪金
收入计征个人所得税。
（三）个人超出国家或地方政府规定的比例提存的住房公积金，在计算缴纳个人所得税时，不得从个人当期工资、薪金所得中扣除。
CIRCULAR ON THE QUESTION CONCERNING THE HANDLING OF TAXATIONRELATED TO THE DRAWING AND USE OF HOUSING PUBLIC ACCUMULATION FUNDS BYENTERPRISES WITH FOREIGN INVESTMENT AND THEIR EMPLOYEES
(State Administration of Taxation: 26 July 1994 Coded Guo Shui Fa[1994] No. 165)
Whole Doc.
To the tax bureaus of various provinces, autonomous regions and
municipalities, the tax bureaus of various cities with independent
planning, and various sub-bureaus of the Offshore Oil Tax Administration:
In line with the unified planning of the State Council,
implementation measures for reform of the housing system have been
published one after another in various localities. The question concerning
taxation handling related to the drawing, receiving and use of various
housing subsidies or housing public accumulation funds by enterprise with
foreign investment (hereinafter referred to as enterprises) and the
employees of the Chinese side (hereinafter referred to as individuals) is
hereby clarified as follows:
I. The handling of taxation related to the drawing of various housing
subsidies or housing public accumulation funds (including voluntary
housing public accumulation funds) by enterprises and individuals in
accordance with relevant stipulations as set in the housing system of
national or local government.
(1) In areas which have not as yet carried out reform of the housing
system, the housing subsidies drawn by enterprises in accordance with the
original stipulations of financial department and labor department may be
regarded as the deducting items for calculating the enterprise's current
payable tax on the income amount and be itemized in the current cost
expenses.
(2) In areas where reform of the housing system has been introduced,
when an enterprise has drawn various kinds of housing public accumulation
funds in accordance with the proportion set by the national or local
government, if an enterprise has drawn various types of workers' welfare
funds in accordance with related regulations before the calculation and
collection of enterprise income tax, the book balance of that workers'
welfare funds drawn each year by the enterprise, after paying for the
expenditures for other stipulated purposes than paying for workers'
housing expenditures shall be turned into housing public accumulation
funds; when there is no book balance or the book balance is not enough to
carry down the housing public accumulation funds drawn in the current
year, only then can the deficiency be itemized as the period costs and
expenses before income tax is calculated and collected.
(3) The housing public accumulation funds drawn by an enterprise and
an individual in accordance with the proportion stipulated by the national
or local government and actually paid to a designated organization may not
be included in the individual's current wage and salary income when
individual income tax is calculated and levied.
II. The handling of taxation related to an enterprise and an
individual who use the housing subsidies or housing public accumulation
funds as referred to in Article 1 of this Circular
(1) The housing expenditures such as the expenses on housing purchase
and construction, expenses on housing repair and expense on rentals
actually paid by the enterprise to individuals shall be itemized in the
individual's housing subsidies or housing public accumulation funds that
have been drawn.
(2) The already drawn housing public accumulation funds received by
an individual (including the part drawn by the enterprise and the part
drawn by an individual) shall be included in the individual's current wage
and salary income in accordance with the amount actually received for the
calculation and payment of individual income tax. But the various housing
expenditures actually paid by an individual (including expenditures on the
purchase and construction of houses and expenditure on rents), which
conform with the uses stipulated by the national and local governments and
for which effective and legal payment certificates can be provided, after
examination and verification by the competent tax authorities, may be
deducted from the amount actually received, the part that exceeds the
amount actually received cannot be deducted from the current wage and
salary income.
III. The handling of taxation related to the drawing and use of
various housing subsidies or housing public accumulation funds by an
enterprise and an individual, that exceed the proportion stipulated by the
national or local government
(1) The various housing subsidies or housing (supplementary) public
accumulation funds drawn by an enterprise itself, that exceed the
proportion as set by the national or local government cannot be listed and
spent as the enterprise's current costs and expenses.
(2) If the housing expenditures such as expenses on housing purchase
and construction, housing repair expense and rental expense actually paid
by the enterprise to individuals are not enough to be itemized in that
individual's housing subsidies or housing public accumulation funds drawn
in accordance with the proportion stipulated by the national or local
government, the expenditure paid by the enterprise in accordance with the
resolution of the board of directors of the enterprise may be included in
the enterprise's current costs and expenses in light of an effective and
legal payment certificate. But at the same time, it should be included in
the individual's current wage and salary income for the calculation and
levying of individual income tax.
(3) The housing public accumulation funds drawn by an individual that
exceeds the proportion set by the national or local government cannot be
deducted from the individual's current wage and salary income when
individual income tax is calculated and paid.
1994年7月26日
